Timeline: OLDHAM, Sarah H.

	Date	Event(s)
1	1744	1744 —1748: King George's War: French Colonies vs Great Britain 1744-1748
2	1745	1745 : E.G. von Kleist invents the leyden jar, the first electrical capacitor
3	1751	1751 : First sugar cane introducted into Louisiana by Catholic Missionaries from San Domingo. Used to make rum
4	1752	1752 : Benjamin Franklin flies his kite and invents the lightening rod
5	1752	1752: First general hospital opens in Philadelphia, offering care to people who are ill - except for those with an incurable or infectious disease. 2 Sep 1752: Britain and the British colonies switch from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar
6	1753	1753 : John Schulyer brings the first steam engine in America to his New Jersey copper mine and uses it to pump water from the mine.
7	1754	1754 : Benjamin Bannecker, an African American, makes the first clock built entirely in America.
8	1755	1755 : Samuel Johnson publishes the first English language dictionary 1755 : British General Edward Braddock is mortally wounded in a French and Indian ambush near Fort Duquesne in western Pennsylvania. George Washington, age 23, assumes command of the retrating army of British and colonial troops
9	1756	1756 —1763: French and Indian War: also known as the Seven Years War. French Colonies vs Great Britain 1756-1763; the French under General Montcalm capture and destroy British colonial Fort Oswego in New York.
10	1757	1757 : John Campbell invents the sextant
11	1757	1757: Benjamin Franklin's Oil street lamps are installed on a few streets in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
12	1758	1758 : Dolland invents a chromatic lens 1758 : British troops drive the French from Fort Duquesne, which they rename Pittsburgh
13	1759	1759 —1761: Cherokee War: English Colonists vs Cherokee Indians 1759-1761 1759 : The French at Quebec, Canada surrender to the British.
14	1760	1760 : George III becomes King of Great Britian, Ireland and the 1.6 million colonists living in America
15	1761	1761 : Englishmen, John Harrison invents the navigational clock or marine chronometer for measuring longitude 1761 : Massachusetts Lawyer James Otis opposes the Writs of Assistance, which allow British customs men to invade homes and warehouses of American colonists to search for smuggled goods.
16	1762	1762 : Ethan Allen establishes ironworks and blast furnace at Salisbury, Connecticut. He produced many of the cannons used during the Revolutionary War at this ironworks.
17	1763	1763 : French and Indian War ends with the signing of the Treaty of Paris. Canada and all of North America east of the Mississippi come under complete control of the British. 1763 : Proclamation of 1763 forbids American colonists to settle the land beyond the Appalachian Mountains.
18	1764	1764 : James Hargreaves invents the spinning jenny 1764 : British Government begins to levy taxes on colonists to help pay for the French and Indian War and ongoing protection of the colonies. 1764 : Sugar Act - places new taxes on surgar, wines, coffee, indigo and other products imported directly to America 1764 : The Connecticut Courant, the oldest continuously published newspaper in America, begins publishing a weekly newspaper in Hartford, Connecticut
19	1765	1765 —1766: Stamp Act, levying a tax on all newspapers, legal documents, pamphlets, almanacs, and playing cards, by requiring that they bear a stamp.
20	1766	1766 : Stamp Act repealed after American colonists stop buying British goods in protest of the tax.
21	1767	1767 : Joseph Priestley invents carbonated water - soda water 1767 : Townshend duties imposed by British Parliment places tax on tea, paper, glass and paint imported into the colonies. Colonists immediately begin another boycott. 1767 : David Rittenhouse builds first planetarium in America. Two years later he plots the orbits of Venus and Mercury.
22	1767	1767: James(95) overseer for John Smarr in Loudoun County, Virginia
23	1768	1768 : Richard Arkwright patents the spinning frame 1768 : British troops sail to Boston. Two regiments come ashore and take up quarters. 1768 : Massachusetts General Court sends a "Circular Letter" to other colonial governments. The letter states Parliament has no right to tax colonists - No taxation without Representation.
24	1768	1768: James(95) overseer for John Smarr in Loudoun County, Virginia
25	1769	1769 : James Watt invents an improved steam engine 1769 : Daniel Boone ignores the Proclamation of 1763 and leads an expedition to the Kentucky region and explores Cumberland Gap. 1769 : Henry William Stiegel opens his famous American Glassworks in Manheim, Pennsylvania
26	1769	1769: James(95) Tithable with George Oldham in Loudoun County, Virginia
27	1770	1770 : King George III keeps the tax on tea as a symbol of Britian's right to tax its colonies, but repeals other Townshend duties. 5 Mar 1770 : Boston Massacre:British troops fire into a mob, killing five men and leading to intense public protests. Crispus Attucks, African American, is the first to die when British soldiers fire on American Colonists at Boston Massacre.
28	1771	1771 : Phyllis Wheatly is the firt African American woman to have her poems published
29	1772	1772 : Rhode Island merchants attack and burn the British customs ship Gaspee.
30	1773	1773 : Boston Tea Party - American Patriots pitch 342 cases of tea into Boston Harbor to protest the Tea Act.
31	1773	1773: James(95) overseer for Wm. Berkley in Loudoun County, Virginia
32	1774	1774 : Georges Louis Lesage patents the electric telegraph 1774 : Intolerable Acts passed by British Parliament, closing the port of Boston, forbidding colonists to hold public meetings without the governor's approval and requiring Massachusetts resident to house and feed British troops. 1774 : First Continental Congress meets in Philadelphia with delegates from every colony except Georgia.
33	1774	1774: James(95) overseer for William Berkley in Loudoun County, Virginia 1 Jan 1774: James(95) Oldham marries Leah Stephens in Loudoun County, Virginia. Marriage performed by Rev. David Griffith
34	1775	1775 : American Revolution: Shots fired between Colonial militiamen and British soldiers at Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts, 273 British Soldiers and 93 Americans are killed. 1775 : Alexander Cummings invents the flush toilet 1775 : Jacques Perrier invents a steamship
35	1775	1775: James(95) Tithable in Shelburne Parish, Loudoun County, Virginia
36	1776	1776 : Continental Congress approves the Declaration of Independence, written by Thomas Jefferson 1776 : David Bushnell invents a submarine 1776 : Anthony Benezet organizes first abolitionist society in Philadelphia 26 Dec 1776 : George Washington, commander of the American Army, takes a thousand British and Hessian soldiers the day after Christmas in a surprise attack at Trenton, New Jersey
37	1776	1776: General Howe and his British troops occupy New York City. 4 Jul 1776: US Declaration of Independence signed. Aug 1776: James and Leah Oldham receive Lord Fairfax Land Grant Frederick County, Virginia 5 Aug 1776: James(95) Oldham 5th Virginia Regiment Payroll Muster 5 Dec 1776: James(95) Oldham 5th VA Regt Payroll Muster- James & Richard Stephens Deceased
38	1777	1777 : United States Congress adopts the American flag of thirteen alternating red and white stripes and thirteen white starts on a blue background. 1777 : Battle of Bennington - Green Mountain Boys of Vermont and Massachusetts defeat the British. 1777 : Articles of Conferation adopted byt he Continental Congress.
39	1777	5 May 1777: James(95) Oldham, 5th VA Regt Payroll Muster
40	1778	1778 : George Washington and his Continental Army spend the winter at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, with few supplies or shelter.
41	1778	1778: James(95) Oldham Henry County, Virginia Tax List
42	1779	1779 : Samuel Crompton invents the spinning mule 1779 : John Paul Jones and his sailors defeat and capture a British Warship in a fierce battle at sea.
43	1780	1780 : Benjamin Franklin invents bi-focal eyeglasses 1780 : Gervinus invents the circular saw 1780 : Papers found on captured British messenger Major John Andre reveal General Benedict Arnold's plan to surrender to the British, the American fort in his command at West Point, New York
44	1780	1780: Battle of Charleston, South Carolina - the worst American defeat of the Revolutionary War. Over 5,000 American soldiers surrendered to the British 1780: James(95) Oldham Henry County, VA Survey on Home Creek next to Wm. Stephens
45	1781	1781 : Williamsburg, Virginia - Striking a blow for their own liberty, enslaved Afican Americans rebel. 1781 : British General Cornwallis surrenders to George Washington at Yorktown, Virginia, ending the fighting in the American Revolution.
46	1781	1781: James(95) Oldham Henry County, VA Tithable List
47	1782	1782 : American who wanted to remain under British rule, Loyalists or Tories, began to leave and return to Britian. Most moved to Canada. 1782 : Harvard Medical School opens
48	1783	1783: Englishmen, Henry Cort invents the steel roller for steel production 1783: United States and Britain sign the Treat of Paris, officially ending the Revolutionary War
49	1783	1783 : Louis Sebastien demonstrates the first parachute 1783 : Joseph Michel Montgolfier and Jacques Etienne Montgolfier invent the hot-air balloon 1783 : Benjamin Hanks patents the self-winding clock 1783 : George Washington retires from Military Service 1783 : Noah Webster published his "Blue-Backed Speller", which standardizes spelling and word usage. This becomes the chief textbook for generations of American schoolchildren.
50	1784	1784 : Andrew Meikle invents the threshing machine 1784 : Joseph Bramah invents the safety lock 1784 : "Empress of China" sails from New Jersey around Cape Horn to the Orient, opening a profitable trade with China.
51	1785	1785 : Charles Augustus Coulomb invents the torsion balance 1785 : Edmund Cartwright invents the power loom 1785 : Regular stage routes linking New York City, Boston, Albany and Philadelphia begin. 1785 : Claude Berthollet invents chemical bleaching
52	1785	1785: Blanchard invents a working parachute
53	1786	1786 : John Fitch invents a steamboat 1786 : New Coinage system adopted by Congress, based on the Spanish Dollar, replacing British pounds used during the colonial era. 1786 : John Fitch sails the first steamboat on the Delaware River
54	1786	Aug 1786: Shays' Rebellion erupts; farmers from New Hampshire to South Carolina take up arms to protest high state taxes and stiff penalties for failure to pay.
55	1787	1787 : Northwest Ordinance provides a plan for governing the region northwest of the Ohio River and admitting new states to the Union 1787 : First American Cotton Mill established at Beverly, Massachusetts by John Cabot and Joshua Fisher May 1787 —Sep 1787: Constitutional Convention, made up of delegates from 12 of the original 13 colonies, meets in Philadelphia to draft the U.S. Constitution.
56	1788	1788 : The Constitution becomes effective, creating a new system of government.
57	1788	1788: The First African Baptist Church, formed by African-Americans is established. 1788: James(95) Oldham signs petition for Territory South of the French Road and Holston Rivers in what would become Tennessee
58	1789	1789 —1797: George Washington first president of the United States 1789-1797 1789 : The guillotine is invented 1789 : Thanksgiving is celebrated as a national holiday for the first time.
59	1790	1790 : The United States issued its first patent to William Pollard of Philadelphia for a machine that roves and spins cotton 1790 : First Census taken finds 3,929,214 people live in this young nation. 1790 : The Columbia becomes the first American ship to sail around the world, a journey of 42,000 miles that took 2 1/2 years. 1790 : Philadelphia becomes the nation's capitol.
60	1790	2 Feb 1790: U.S. Supreme Courtmeets for the first time at the Merchants Exchange Building in New York City (Feb. 2). The court, made up of one chief justice and five associate justices, hears its first case in 1792.
61	1791	1791 : John Barber invents the gas turbine 1791 : Early bicycles invented in Scotland 1791 : Vermont becomes the first new state to join the original Thirteen States 15 Dec 1791 : The Bill of Rights becomes part of the U. S. Constitution, guaranteeing the right of freedom of speech, press, asssembly and religion.
62	1792	1792 : William Murdoch invents gas lighting 1792 : The first ambulance
63	1793	1793 : Fugitive Slave Act passed by Congress, making it a crime to hide a fugitive from enslavement or interfere with his or her arrest. 1793 : Yellow Fever Epidemic kills more than 4,000 people in Philadelphia
64	1793	4 Mar 1793: Washington's second inauguration is held in Philadelphia
65	1794	1794 : Eli Whitney patents the cotton gin 1794 : Welshman, Philip Vaughan invents ball bearings 1794 : First major turnpike in America completed between Philadelphia and Lancaster, Pennsylvania 1794 : Whiskey Rebellion - Angry farmers in western Pennsylvania oppose a government tax on liquor. 1794 : White Powdered hair goes out of fashion for men, for the first time in more than 100 years.
66	1795	1795 : Francois Appert invents the preserving jar for food 1795 : Thomas Pickney negotiates a treaty with Spain that opens navigation on the Mississippi River
67	1796	1796 : Edward Jenner creates a smallpox vaccination 1796 : Gilbert Stuart completes his famous portrait of George Washington
68	1797	1797 : A British inventor, Henry Maudslay invents the first metal or precision lathe 1797 : John Chapman, known as "Johnny Appleseed" beings planting apple seeds along the Ohio Valley
69	1797	1797: Wittemore patents a carding machine 4 Mar 1797—1801: John Adams president of the USA 1797-1801
70	1798	1798 —1800: Franco-American Naval War: United States vs France 1798-1800 1798 : Aloys Senefelder invents lithography 1798 : The first soft drink invented 1798 : Eli Whitney develops the idea of mass production. The following year he wins a government contract to manufacture firearms with virtually identical parts.
71	1799	1799 : Alessandro Volta invents the battery 1799 : Louis Robert invents the Fourdrinier Machine for sheet paper making 1799 : Pennsylvania farmers stage a revolt against a federal tax on their property. 1799 : George Washington, less than three years after his retirement from the Presidency, dies at the age of 67 at his Mount Vernon, Virginia plantation.
72	1799	1799: James(95) Oldham signs Petition for Inhabitants South of the French Broad
73	1800	1800 : renchmen, J.M. Jacquard invents the Jacquard Loom 1800 : The new city of Washington, D.C. becomes the United States capital. 1800 : Free African Americans in Philadelphia unsuccessfully petition the United States Congress to end slavery 1800 : Philadelphia shoemaker is the first to design shoes especially for the right and left feet
74	1801	1801—1805: SA: Tripolitan War 1801-1805. Barbary Wars: also fought in 1815. United States vs Morocco, Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli 1801-1805
75	1801	1801 —1809: Thomas Jefferson president of the USA 1801-1809 1801 : Mastodon fossils are discovered on a New York farm, the first skeletons ever reportedly found of the extinct mammal.
76	1803	1803 : Louisiana Purchase - The United States more than doubles its size after buying over 820,000 square miles of land, from the French government.
77	1804	1804 : Richard Trevithick, an English mining engineer, developed the first steam-powered locomotive 1804 : Freidrich Winzer (Winsor) was the first person to patent gas lighting 14 May 1804 : Merriwether Lewis and William Clark begin their exploration of the vast Northwest territory, traveling from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean
78	1805	1805 : Joseph Smith, Jr, founder of the Mormon movement was born in Sharon, Vermont
79	1806	1806 : Zebulon Pike explores the territory that later became the American southwest, discovering Pike's Peak, the famous Colorado mountain named for him. 1806 : Congress authorizes improvements to the Natchez Trace, a Native American trail running from Nashville, Tennessee to Natchez, Mississippi, turning it into a road for American settlers.
80	1807	1807 : Robert Fulton's steamboat, the Clermont, makes its first run from New York City to Albany in 32 hours, traveling at the top speed of 5 mph
81	1807	4 Apr 1807: James(95) Oldham Sevier County Tennessee land survey, East Ford of the Little Pigeon River
82	1808	1808: James(95) Oldham Sevier County, Tennessee, Church member Forks of Little Pigeon with Stephen Oldham (son)
83	1808	1808 : The United States prohibits the importation of Africans for enslavement
84	1809	1809 —1817: James Madison president of the USA 1809-1817 1809 : Humphry Davy invents the first electric light - the first arc lamp 1809 : William Maclure publishes the first detailed geological survey of the United States.
85	1809	28 Feb 1809: James(95) Oldham Sevier county, Tennessee, down payment on land adjoining John Oldham (son) 28 Sep 1809: James(95) Oldham Sevier County, Tennessee 255 acres granted - also granted to John and Stephen Oldham (sons)
86	1810	1810: James(95) Oldham Jennings Twp., Fayette County, Indiana land
87	1810	1810 : erman, Frederick Koenig invents an improved printing press 1810 : Peter Durand invents the tin can 1810 : American settlers in the region of western Florida rebel against Spanish control and establish ties to the United States.
88	1811	1811: onstruction begins on the National Road, a main route for settlers moving west and farmers shipping farm products to eastern cities. By the time it was completed in 1838, the road ran from Cumberland, Maryland to Vandalia, Illinois
89	1811	1811 : Enslaved African Americans lead an unsuccessful revolt in Louisiana.
90	1812	18 Jun 1812: War of 1812: The United States goes to war with Great Britain after the British interfere with American trade and force American sailors to serve in the British navy.
91	1813	1813: James(95) Oldham Sevier County, Tennessee signed Petition for French Broad 1813—1814: Creek War: United States vs Creek Indians 1813-1814 4 Mar 1813: Madison's second inauguration Oct 1813: James(95) Oldham Sevier County, Tennessee obtained land in Indiana
92	1813	1813 : Admiral Nelson and the United States Navy wins a battle with a British war ship on Lake Erie, strengthening the American position on the Great Lakes. 1813 : Francis Cabot Lowell, Waltham, Massachusetts, installs the first American power loom, a machine for weaving cotton cloth.
93	1814	1814: James(95) Oldham received as member of New Bethel Baptist Church, Fayette County, Indiana 1814: German, Joseph von Fraunhofer invents the spectrocope for the chemical analysis of glowing objects Aug 1814: British capture Washington, DC, and set fire to White House and Capitol
94	1814	1814 : George Stephenson designs a steam locomotive 1814 : Joseph NicÃ©phore NiÃ©pce was the first person to take a photograph 1814 : The first plastic surgery is performed in England 13 Sep 1814 : Francis Scott Key writes the words to "The Star-Spangled Banner" during an unsuccessful attack on Fort McHenry by the British 24 Dec 1814 : The War of 1812 is ended by the Treaty of Ghent.
95	1815	1815: Humphry Davy invents the miner's lamp
96	1815	1815 : Signing of a treaty with Algeria, pirates from the Barbary Coast are no longer a threat to American trading ships and sailors
97	1816	1816 : American Colonization Society is organized to buy land in West Africa for the resettlement of free blacks
98	1817	1817—1825: James Monroe president of the USA 1817-1825
99	1817	1817 : The construction of the Erie Canal through New York State begins. This important canal connects the Hudson River with Lake Erie, providing a continuous inland water route to the Great Lakes region.
100	1818	1818 : The President's House in Washington, D.C., burned by the British during the War of 1812, becomes known as the "White House" when it is repaired and given a gleaming coat of white paint.
101	1819	1819 : RenÃ© LaÃ«nnec invents the stethoscope 1819 : Spanish Florida becomes a territory of the United States through a treaty signed with Spain.
102	1819	1819: McCulloch v. Maryland: Landmark Supreme Court decision upholds the right of Congress to establish a national bank, a power implied but not specifically enumerated by the Constitution.
103	1820	1820: The United States government declares that any American involved in the importation of Africans for enslavement will receive the death penalty. 3 Mar 1820: Missouri Compromise: In an effort to maintain the balance between free and slave states, Maine (formerly part of Massachusetts) is admitted as a free state so that Missouri can be admitted as a slave state; except for Missouri, slavery is prohibited in the Louisiana Purchase lands north of latitude 36Â°30'
104	1821	1821 : The American colony of Liberia is established on the west coast of Africa, and is settled by 130 African Americans.
105	1821	5 Mar 1821: Monroe's second inauguration
106	1822	1822 : Denmark Vesey, a free African American living in Charleston, South Carolina, plans a rebellion against enslavement. The plot is discovered, and Vesey and 34 co-conspirators are hanged.
107	1823	1823 : Mackintosh (raincoat) invented by Charles Mackintosh of Scotland 1823 : The poem "The Account of a Visit from St. Nicholas" (The Night Before Christmas) was published anonymously in the Troy, New York Sentinal. Later attributed to Clement C. Moore 1823 : The United States adopts a policy, known as the Monroe Doctrine, discouraging further colonization of either North or South America by European countries.
108	1824	1824 : Professor Michael Faraday invents the first toy balloon 1824 : nglishmen, Joseph Aspdin patents Portland cement, the modern building material 1824 : American Revolutionary War hero, the Marquis de Lafayette, is welcomed with enthusiasm during a return visit to the United States from his native France.
109	1824	2 Mar 1824: Gibbons v. Ogden: Landmark Supreme Court decision broadly defines Congress's right to regulate interstate commerce (March 2).
110	1825	1825 —1829: John Quincy Adams president of the USA 1825-1829 1825 : William Sturgeon invented the electromagnet
111	1826	26 Oct 1826: Erie Canal, linking the Hudson River to Lake Erie, is opened for traffic
112	1827	1827: James(95) Oldham obtained land in Rush County, Indiana Jun 1827: James(95) Oldham Will probated in Fayette County, Indiana
113	1827	1827 : Charles Wheatstone invents the microphone 1827 : John Walker invents the modern matches 1827 : Artist and ornithologist John James Audubon publishes the first of his drawings of the hundreds of colorful birds of North America. 1827 : John Russwurm and Samuel Cornish of New York City publish the first African-American newspaper, Freedom's Journal
114	1828	1828 : Noah Webster completes his monumental American Dictionary of the English Language, after working on it for 20 years.
115	1828	4 Jul 1828: Construction is begun on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, the first public railroad in the U.S. (July 4).
116	1829	1829 —1837: Andrew Jackson president of the USA 1829-1837 1829 : William Austin Burt patents a typographer, a predecessor to the typewriter 1829 : Frenchmen, Louis Braille invents braille printing 1829 : American, W.A. Burt invents a typewriter
117	1830	1830 : Frenchmen, B. Thimonnier invents a sewing machine 1830 : Louis Godey publishes the Lady's Book, the first successful women's magazine in the United States.
118	1830	28 May 1830: President Jackson signs the Indian Removal Act, which authorizes the forced removal of Native Americans living in the eastern part of the country to lands west of the Mississippi River (May 28). By the late 1830s the Jackson administration has relocated nearly 50,000 Native Americans.
119	1831	1831 : Nat Turner, an enslaved African American preacher, leads the most significant slave uprising in American history. He and his band of about 80 followers launch a bloody, day-long rebellion in Southampton County, Virginia. The militia quells the rebellion, and Turner is eventually hanged. As a consequence, Virginia institutes much stricter slave laws. 1831 : Cyrus McCormick invents a labor-saving mechanical reaper, allowing farmers to harvest grain more efficiently.
120	1832	1832 —1836: Texas Revolutionary War: Texas vs Mexico 1832-1836 1832 : Englishmen, Louis Braille invents the stereoscope 1832 : The first school for the blind opens in Boston, Massachusetts.
121	1833	4 Mar 1833: Jackson's second inauguration
122	1834	1834 : Jacob Perkins invents an early refrigerator (really an ether ice machine) 1834 : Henry Blair patents a corn planter, he is the second black person to receive a U.S. patent
123	1835	1835 : Englishmen, Francis Pettit Smith invents the propeller 1835 : Englishmen, Henry F. Talbot invents Calotype photography 1835 : Solymon Merrick patents the wrench 1835 : Charles Babbage invents a mechanical calculator
124	1836	1836 : Samuel Colt invented the first revolver 24 Feb 1836 —6 Mar 1836: Davy Crockett, Jim Bowie and 200 Texans are killed when the Alamo, a fort in San Antonio, Texas, is captured by Mexican leader Santa Anna.
125	1837	1837 —1841: Martin van Buren president of the USA 1837-1841 1837 : Samuel Morse invents the telegraph 1837 : English schoolmaster, Rowland Hill invents the postage stamp
126	1838	1838: "Trail of Tears" claims 4,000 lives as 15,000 Cherokee Native Americans are forced to leave their lands in Georgia and southeastern Tennessee, and travel to new lands in Oklahoma
127	1839	1839 : Frenchmen, Louis Daguerre and J.N. Niepce co-invent Daguerreotype photography 1839 : Kirkpatrick Macmillan invents a bicycle 1839 : American, Charles Goodyear invents rubber vulcanization 1839 : Welshman, Sir William Robert Grove conceives of the first hydrogen fuel cell 1839 : Charles Goodyear invents a process for vulcanizing rubber, hardening the naturally sticky substance for use in many different products. 1839 : The era of photography begins in the United States, as Louis Daguerre's process for capturing photographic images is introduced.
128	1839	1839: American, Thaddeus Fairbanks invents platform scales
129	1840	1840: Englishmen, John Herschel invents the blueprint
130	1840	1840 : The Underground Railroad, a secret network of hiding places and routes for helping enslaved persons escape to the North or Canada, is well established by this time
131	1841	1841 : Samuel Slocum patents the stapler 4 Mar 1841 —4 Apr 1841: William Henry Harrison is inaugurated as the ninth president (March 4). He dies one month later (April 4) and is succeeded in office by his vice president, John Tyler.
132	1841	4 Apr 1841—1845: John Tyler president of the USA 1841-1845. John Tyler the first vice president to succeed to the presidency due to death of a president
133	1842	1842: Joseph Dart builds the first grain elevator
134	1842	1842 : The first gummed postage stamps bring changes in the postal system, as senders--rather than the receivers--begin paying for a letter to be delivered. 1842 : The state of Massachusetts passes a law that limits children under 12, who worked in factories, to a ten-hour day.
135	1843	1843 : Alexander Bain of Scotland, invents the facsimile 1843 : African American Sojourner Truth starts her travels speaking against enslavement
136	1844	1844 : Englishmen, John Mercer invents mercerized cotton 1844 : Samuel F.B. Morse sends the first telegraph message, from Washington, D.C. to Baltimore, Maryland
137	1845	1845 : American, Elias Howe invents a sewing machine 1845 : Robert William Thomson patents the first vulcanised rubber pneumatic tire 4 Mar 1845 —1849: James Polk president of the USA 1845-1849
138	1846	1846 —1848: Mexican-American War 1846-1848 - U.S. annexes Texas by joint resolution of Congress (March 1). James Polk is inaugurated as the 11th president (March 4). The term â€œmanifest destinyâ€ appears for the first time in a magazine article by John L. O'Sullivan (Julyâ€“August). It expresses the belief held by many white Americans that the United States is destined to expand across the continent. 1846 : Dr. William Morton, a Massachusetts dentist, is the first to use anesthesia for tooth extraction 1846 : Oregon Treaty signed with Great Britain sets the boundary between the United States and Canada at the 49th parallel.
139	1846	4 Mar 1846—1850: James Polk is inaugurated as the 11th president
140	1847	1847 : Hungarian, Ignaz Semmelweis invents antiseptics 1847 : Thousands of Irish immigrants fleeing the potato famine in Ireland come to the United States. 1847 : Maria Mitchell of Nantucket, Massachusetts discovers a new comet, later becoming the first woman professor of astronomy in the United States. 1847 : Frederick Douglass, an African American, begins publication of an abolitionist newspaper, The North Star.
141	1848	1848 : Mexico recognizes Rio Grande as new boundary with Texas and, for $15 million, agrees to cede territory comprising present-day California, Nevada, Utah, most of New Mexico and Arizona, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming. 1848 : Women's Rights convention is held at Seneca Falls, New York.
142	1848	24 Jan 1848: Gold is discovered at Sutter's Mill in California (Jan. 24); gold rush reaches its height the following year.
143	1849	1849 : Walter Hunt invents the safety pin 5 Mar 1849 —9 Jul 1850: Zachary Taylor president of the USA 1849-1850. Zachary Taylor died while in office
144	1849	1849: Harriet Tubman escapes from slavery and becomes one of the most effective and celebrated members of the Underground Railroad.
145	1850	1850 : Joel Houghton was granted the first dishwasher patent 9 Jul 1850 —1853: Millard Fillmore president of the USA 1850-1853. Millard Fillmore, vice president under Zachary Taylor, sworn in as president after Taylor\'s death
146	1851	1851 : Isaac Singer invents a sewing machine
147	1852	1852 : Harriet Beecher Stowe publishes Uncle Tom's Cabin, a novel about the cruelty of enslavement, increasing the desire of many northerners to abolish enslavement in the United States.
148	1853	1853 : Commodore Matthew Perry sails to Japan, which had been closed to foreigners for almost two hundred years, opening that country to trade with the United States. 4 Mar 1853 —1857: Franklin Pierce is inaugurated as the 14th president (March 4). Gadsden Purchase treaty is signed; U.S. acquires border territory from Mexico for $10 million (Dec. 30).
149	1854	1854 : John Tyndall demonstrates the principles of fiber optics 1854 : Naturalist and philosopher Henry David Thoreau writes Walden, a book which suggests that life is best lived simply, in harmony with nature and with few material possessions.
150	1855	1855 : Financier Ezra Cornell begins organizing a national telegraph system, the Western Union Telegraph Company.
151	1856	1856 : Louis Pasteur invents pasteurization
152	1857	1857: George Pullman invents the Pullman Sleeping Car for train travel
153	1857	1857 : In the Dred Scott decision, the Supreme Court denies African Americans the rights of American citizenship 4 Mar 1857 —1861: James Buchanan president of the USA 1857-1861
154	1858	1858 : Jean Lenoir invents an internal combustion engine 1858 : Overland mail service by stagecoach begins, connecting the east and west coasts of the United States.
155	1858	1858: Hamilton Smith patents the rotary washing machine
156	1859	1859 : John Brown, an abolitionist, leads an attack on the Federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry, Virginia. 1859 : The drilling of an oil well in Titusville, Pennsylvania, changes the way most Americans light their homes, as kerosene made from the oil replaces whale oil and candles.
157	1860	1860 —1861: Pony Express mail service begins. Only lasts one year.
158	1860	20 Dec 1860: South Carolina secedes from the Union (Dec. 20).
159	1861	1861 : Elisha Otis patents elevator safety brakes, creating a safer elevator 1861 : Linus Yale invents the Yale lock or cylinder lock 4 Mar 1861 —1865: Abraham Lincoln president of the USA 1861-1865 12 Apr 1861 : USA Civil War begins 12 April 1861, battle of Ft. Sumter.The American Civil War begins when Confederate troops capture Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina.
160	1861	2 Feb 1861: Texas secedes (March 2). 8 Feb 1861: Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, and Louisiana secede (Jan.). Confederate States of America is established (Feb. 8). 9 Feb 1861: Jefferson Davis is elected president of the Confederacy (Feb. 9).
161	1862	1862 : Alexander Parkes invents the first man-made plastic 1862 : Dr. Richard Gatling patents the machine gun 1862 : Homestead Act offers 160 acres of public land in the western United States to settlers willing to settle on the land for 5 years.
162	1863	1863 : Emancipation Proclamation, President Abraham Lincoln signs law declaring freedom for enslaved persons living in states under the control of the Confederacy. 1 Jul 1863 —3 Jun 1863: The Battle of Gettysburg in Pennsylvania marks a turning point in the Civil War, as Confederate forces retreat to the South after losing this important battle.
163	1863	19 Nov 1863: President Lincoln delivers the Gettysburg Address
164	1864	1864 : General Sherman and 62,000 Union soldiers sweep a 60-mile wide path of destruction in Georgia, severely weakening the Confederacy.
165	1865	9 Apr 1865 : USA Civil War ends when Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrenders to Union General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House, Virginia. 14 Apr 1865 : Abraham Lincoln shot by John Wilkes Booth on 14 Apr 1865 and dies the next day
166	1865	15 Apr 1865—1869: Lincoln is assassinated (April 14) by John Wilkes Booth in Washington, DC, and is succeeded by his vice president, Andrew Johnson. 6 Dec 1865: Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution is ratified, prohibiting slavery
167	1866	1866 : Englishmen Robert Whitehead invents a torpedo 1866 : J. Osterhoudt patents the tin can with a key opener 1866 : Alfred Nobel invents dynamite
168	1867	1867 : Christopher Scholes invents the first practical and modern typewriter 1867 : The United States purchases the Alaska territory from Russia
169	1868	1868: J P Knight invents traffic lights 24 Feb 1868: President Johnson is impeached by the House of Representatives (Feb. 24), but he is acquitted at his trial in the Senate (May 26).
170	1868	1868 : George Westinghouse invents air brakes 1868 : Robert Mushet invents tungsten steel 9 Jul 1868 : The 14th Amendment grants rights and priviledges of American citizenship to African Americans.
171	1869	1869 : First transcontinental railroad is completed at Promontory Point, Utah, providing continuous railroad transportation across the entire United States.
172	1869	4 Mar 1869—1877: Ulysses Grant president of the USA 1869-1877
173	1870	1870 : The 15th amendment guarantees that no male citizen will be deprived of the right to vote because of race, color or previous condition of servitude
174	1871	1871 : Great Chicago Fire. A fire destroys the city of Chicago, Illinois. 1871 : The first professional baseball association, the National Association of Professional Baseball Players, is organized.
175	1872	1872 : A.M. Ward issues the first mail-order catalog 1872 : J.S. Risdon patents the metal windmill 1872 : Yellowstone National Park is established for the enjoyment of the public
176	1873	1873 : Joseph Glidden invents barbed wire 1873 : The United States experiences an economic depression, as over 5,000 companies go out of business after a stock market panic.
177	1873	4 Mar 1873: Grant's second inauguration
178	1874	1874 : American, C. Goodyear, Jr. invents the shoe welt stitcher 1874 : First American Zoo - America gets its first public zoo, the Philadelphia Zoological Gardens.
179	1875	1875 : Congress passes a Civil Rights Bill prohibiting discrimination in public places.
180	1876	1876: Nicolaus August Otto invents the first practical four-stroke internal combustion engine 25 Jun 1876: Gen. George Custer and his soldiers are killed in a battle with the Sioux Indians at the Little Big Horn in Montana
181	1876	1876 : Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephone 1876 : Melville Bissell patents the carpet sweeper
182	1877	1877 : Thomas Edison invents the cylinder phonograph or tin foil phonograph 1877 : Edward Muybridge invents the first moving pictures 1877 : President Rutherford B. Hayes withdraws the last federal soldiers from the South, leaving the rights of African Americans unprotected. 1877 : Nez Perce war with the United States ends when federal troops capture Chief Joseph and his tribe.
183	1877	5 Mar 1877—1881: Rutherford B. Hayes is inaugurated as the 19th president
184	1878	1878 : Sir Joseph Wilson Swan was the first person to invent a practical and longer-lasting electic lightbulb 1878 : Thomas Edison invents the first practical incandescent electric light at Menlo Park, New Jersey.
185	1879	1879 : Frank Woolworth opens his first successful five-and-ten cent store in Lancaster, Pennsylvania.
186	1880	1880 : Englishmen, John Milne invents the modern seismograph 1880 : The British Perforated Paper Company invents a form of toilet paper
187	1881	1881 : David Houston patents the roll film for cameras 1881 : Alexander Graham Bell invents the first crude metal detector 1881 : Edward Leveaux patents the automatic player piano 1881 : Booker T. Washington becomes the first president of Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. 4 Mar 1881 —19 Sep 1881: James Garfield president of the USA 1881. James Garfield wounded by assassin's bullet on 3 Jul 1881 and dies 19 Sep 1881 19 Sep 1881 —1885: Chester A. Arthur president of the USA 1881-1885. Chester A. Arthur, vice president under James Garfield, sworn in as president upon the death of Garfield
188	1882	1882 : Chinese Exclusion Act - Widespread resentment against immigrant Chinese laborers results in suspending Chinese immigration for ten years
189	1882	18 Nov 1882: The United States and Canada substitute standardized time zones for local time to make it easier to coordinate railroad schedules.
190	1883	1883 : United States Supreme Court rules the Civil Rights Act of 1875, which prohibited discrimination in public places, to be unconstitutional. 1883 : Brooklyn Bridge, hailed as the eighth wonder of the world, opens.
191	1884	1884 : James Ritty invents the first working, mechanical cash register 1884 : Charles Parson patents the steam turbine 1884 : Lewis Edson Waterman invents the first practical fountain pen 1884 : Mark Twain publishes The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.
192	1884	1884: George Eastman patents paper-strip photographic film
193	1885	1885 : Karl Benz invents the first practical automobile to be powered by an internal-combustion engine 1885 : Harim Maxim invents a machine gun 1885 : Gottlieb Daimler invents the first gas-engined motorcycle 1885 : Washington monument is dedicated in the nation's capitol. 1885 : P.T. Barnum's famous circus elephant, Jumbo, is killed in a train collision. 4 Mar 1885 —1889: Grover Cleveland president of the USA 1885-1889
194	1886	1886 : John Pemberton invents Coca Cola 1886 : Josephine Cochrane invents the dishwasher
195	1886	28 Oct 1886: Statue of Liberty is dedicated Dec 1886: American Federation of Labor is organized
196	1887	1887 : German, Heinrich Hertz invents radar 1887 : Emile Berliner invents the gramophone 1887 : F.E. Muller and Adolph Fick invent the first wearable contact lenses 1887 : Edward Bellamy writes a best selling Utopian novel, Looking Backward, 2000-1887, about a man who wakes up in an ideal society in the year 2000, where everyone is equal politically and economically
197	1888	1888 : John Boyd Dunlop patents a commercially successful pneumatic tire 1888 : Nikola Tesla invents the AC motor and transformer 1888 : Marvin Stone patents the spiral winding process to manufacture the first paper drinking straws 1888 : A box camera, the first Kodak, is introduced for use by amateur photographers. 1888 : The first issue of National Geographic magazine includes an account of the Great Blizzard that ravaged the eastern United States.
198	1889	1889 : Sir James Dewar and Sir Frederick Abel co-invent Cordite - a type of smokeless gunpowder 1889 : Joshua Pusey invents the matchbook 1889 : Oklahoma Land Rush - 50,000 settlers swarm into Oklahoma to homestead former Indian lands. 4 Mar 1889 —1893: Benjamin Harrison president of the USA 1889-1893
199	1890	1890: In reporting the results of the 1890 census, the Census Bureau announces that the West has been settled and the frontier is closed. 2 Jul 1890: National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) is founded, with Elizabeth Cady Stanton as president. Sherman Antitrust Act is signed into law, prohibiting commercial monopolies 29 Dec 1890: Last major battle of the Indian Wars occurs at Wounded Knee in South Dakota
200	1891	1891 : Jesse W. Reno invents the escalator 1891 : YMCA trainee James Naismith invents basketball in Springfield, Massachusetts. Within 10 years the indoor team sport was very popular not only among YMCA programs, but also at colleges, high schools and athletic clubs.
201	1892	1892 : Sir James Dewar invents the Dewar flask or vacuum flask 1892 : Rudolf Diesel invents the diesel-fueled internal combustion engine 1892 : Carnegie Steel Works at Homestead, Pennsylvania lock outs employees in a labor contract dispute, and several strikers and plant guards are killed 1892 : Ellis Island opens in New York City and the first of 12 million immigrants passes through its doors, seeking a better life in America.
202	1893	1893 : American, W.L. Judson invents the zipper 1893 : J. Frank and Charles Duryea build the first successful gasoline-powered automobile in the United States. 1893 : The Ferris wheel is introduced at the World's Fair in Chicago, Illinois. 4 Mar 1893 —1897: Grover Cleveland president of the USA 1893-1897 The only president to serve two non-consecutive terms of office.
203	1894	1894 : American Railway Union members support Pullman Palace Car Company workers in the most notable strike in American history, tying up most of the railroads in the midwestern United States 1894 : Economic depression which began the previous year leaves 1 in 5 American workers without a job.
204	1895	1895 : Lumiere Brothers invent a portable motion-picture camera, film processing unit and projector called the Cinematographe. The Lumiere Brothers using their Cinematographe are the first to present a projected motion picture to an audience of more that one person 1895 : In the first practical demonstration of of large-scale power generation, Westinghouse Electric Co. harnesses the power of Niagara Falls to supply low-cost energy for hundreds of miles.
205	1896	1896 : American, H. O'Sullivan invents the rubber heel 1896 : Henry Ford drives his first automobile through the streets of Detroit, Michigan.
206	1896	18 May 1896: Plessy v. Ferguson: Landmark Supreme Court decision holds that racial segregation is constitutional, paving the way for the repressive Jim Crow laws in the South (May 18).
207	1897	4 Mar 1897 —1901: William McKinley president of the USA 1897-1901. William McKinley dies in Buffalo, NY, 1901
208	1898	1898: U.S. annexes Hawaii by an act of Congress (July 7). 15 Feb 1898: Spanish-American War: USS Maine is blown up in Havana harbor (Feb. 15) 25 Apr 1898: U.S. to declare war on Spain (April 25) Treaty of Paris is signed, ending the Spanish-American War (Dec. 10); Spain gives up control of Cuba, which becomes an independent republic, and cedes Puerto Rico, Guam, and (for $20 million) the Philippines to the U.S.
209	1898	1898 : Edwin Prescott patents the roller coaster
210	1899	1899: U.S. acquires American Samoa by treaty with Great Britain and Germany (Dec. 2
211	1899	1899 : J.S. Thurman patents the motor-driven vacuum cleaner 1899 : I.R. Johnson patents the bicycle frame
212	1900	1900 : The zeppelin invented by Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin 1900 : Charles Seeberger redesigned Jesse Reno's escalator and invented the modern escalator 1900 : L. Frank Baum writes The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.
213	1901	1901 : King Camp Gillette invents the double-edged safety razor 1901 : The first radio receiver, successfully received a radio transmission 1901 : Hubert Booth invents a compact and modern vacuum cleaner 1901 : Carrie Nation begins a crusade against alcohol, using an ax to demolish the interiors of saloons. 6 Sep 1901 —3 Mar 1909: Theodore Roosevelt president of the USA 1901-1909. Theodore Roosevelt, vice president under William McKinley, sworn in as president upon death of McKinley
214	1901	4 Mar 1901—6 Sep 1901: McKinley's second inauguration (March 4). He is shot (Sept. 6) by anarchist Leon Czolgosz in Buffalo, N.Y., and later dies from his wounds (Sept. 14). He is succeeded by his vice president, Theodore Roosevelt.
215	1902	1902 : Willis Carrier invents the air conditioner 1902 : rench physicist George Claude invents neon light 1902 : The birth of the Teddy Bear 1902 : Congress makes free mail delivery to rural residents a permanent part of the United States postal system.
216	1902	1902: The lie detector or polygraph machine is invented by James Mackenzie
217	1903	1903 : Edward Binney and Harold Smith co-invent crayons 1903 : Bottle-making machinery invented by Michael J. Owens 1903 : Mary Anderson invents windshield wipers 1903 : William Coolidge invents ductile tungsten used in lightbulbs 1903 : Wright Brothers fly the first airplane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.
218	1903	1903: U.S. acquires Panama Canal Zone (treaty signed Nov. 17)
219	1904	1904 : Teabags invented by Thomas Suillivan 1904 : Benjamin Holt invents a tractor 1904 : Ice cream cones are introduced at the St. Louis World's Fair.
220	1905	1905 : Albert Einstein published the Theory of Relativity and made famous the equation, E = mc2
221	1906	1906: William Kellogg invents Cornflakes
222	1906	18 Apr 1906 : San Francisco earthquake leaves 500 dead or missing and destroys about 4 sq mi of the city (April 18).
223	1907	1907 : Color photography invented by Auguste and Louis Lumiere 1907 : The very first piloted helicopter was invented by Paul Cornu
224	1908	1908 : The gyrocompass invented by Elmer A. Sperry 1908 : Cellophane invented by Jacques E. Brandenberger 1908 : Model T automobile first sold 1908 : J W Geiger and W MÃ¼ller invent the geiger counter 1908 : Fritz Haber invents the Haber Process for making artificial nitrates
225	1908	1908: Bureau of Investigation, forerunner of the FBI, is established
226	1909	1909 : Instant coffee invented by G. Washington 3 Mar 1909 —1913: William Taft president of the USA 1909-1913. Mrs. Taft has 80 Japanese cherry trees planted along the banks of the Potomac River.
227	1910	1910 : Thomas Edison demonstrated the first talking motion picture 1910 : Georges Claude displayed the first neon lamp to the public on December 11, 1910, in Paris
228	1911	1911: Charles Franklin Kettering invents the first automobile electrical ignition system 1911: Chinese revolution begins against the Manchu dynasty, which ruled for three centuries
229	1911	1911 : Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen reaches the South Pole
230	1912	1912 : Motorized movie cameras invented, and replaced hand-cranked cameras 1912 : The first tank patented by Australian inventor De La Mole 1912 : Clarence Crane created Life Savers candy in 1912 1912 : International Radio-Telegraph Conference adapts the Morse Code signal S.O.S. -- 3 dots, 3 dashes, 3 dots -- as the universal signal of distress 1912 : The Titanic, strikes an iceberg in the North Atlantic on its maiden voyage and sinks within hours; 1,517 of 2,100 passengers drown
231	1913	1913 : The crossword puzzle invented by Arthur Wynne 1913 : The Merck Chemical Company patented, what is now known as, ecstasy 1913 : Mary Phelps Jacob invents the bra 1913 : Gideon Sundback invents the modern zipper
232	1913	4 Mar 1913—1921: Woodrow Wilson president of the USA 1913-1921 8 Apr 1913: Seventeenth Amendment to the Constitution is ratified, providing for the direct election of U.S. senators by popular vote rather than by the state legislatures
233	1914	1914—11 Nov 1918: World War I: U.S. enters World War I, Triple Alliance: Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary vs. Triple Entente: Britain, France, and Russia. The United States joined on the side of the Triple Entente in 1917 declaring war on Germany (April 6, 1917) and Austria-Hungary (Dec. 7, 1917) three years after conflict began in 1914. Armistice ending World War I is signed (Nov. 11, 1918). 15 Aug 1914: Panama Canal opens to traffic (Aug. 15).
234	1914	1914 : Garrett A. Morgan invents the Morgan gas mask
235	1915	1915 : Eugene Sullivan and William Taylor co-invented Pyrex in New York City
236	1915	25 Jan 1915: First long distance telephone service, between New York and San Francisco, is demonstrated
237	1916	1916: U.S. agrees to purchase Danish West Indies (Virgin Islands) for $25 million (treaty signed Aug. 14) 1916: Jeannette Rankin of Montana is the first woman elected to the U.S. House of Representatives (Nov. 7).
238	1916	1916 : Radio tuners invented that received different stations 1916 : Stainless steel invented by Henry Brearly
239	1917	1917 : Vladimir Lenin leads a Bolshevik rebellion to successfully oust the post-czarist Russian provisional government
240	1917	5 Mar 1917: Wilson's second inauguration 6 Apr 1917—11 Nov 1918: United States declaring war on Germany April 6, 1917 7 Nov 1917—11 Nov 1918: United States declaring war on Germany (April 6, 1917) and Austria-Hungary (Dec. 7, 1917) three years after conflict began in 1914
241	1918	1918 : Charles Jung invented fortune cookies 1918 : Spanish influenza sweeps the globe killing more than 21 million people -- over 1% of the world's population 1918 : Shortwave Radio is invented. 1918 : United Artists founded in Hollywood by Charlie Chaplin, Mary Pickford, Douglas Fairbanks and D.W. Griffith 1918 : Jack Dempsey defeats Jess Willard in three rounds for the World Heavyweight Boxing championship
242	1919	1919 : The pop-up toaster invented by Charles Strite
243	1919	1919: The arc welder invented 6 Jan 1919: Theodore Roosevelt died in his sleep on January 6, 1919, at his Long Island estate, Sagamore Hill, after suffering a coronary embolism. He was 60 years old. He was buried at the Youngs Memorial Cemetery in New York. 16 Jan 1919: Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution is ratified, prohibiting the manufacture, sale, and transportation of liquor. It is later repealed by the Twenty-First Amendment in 1933 18 Aug 1919: Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution is ratified, granting women the right to vote 26 Sep 1919: President Wilson suffers a stroke 19 Nov 1919: Treaty of Versailles, outlining terms for peace at the end of World War I, is rejected by the Senate
244	1920	1920 : The tommy gun patented by John T Thompson 1920 : The Band-Aid invented by Earle Dickson
245	1921	1921 : Artificial life begins -- the first robot built
246	1921	1921: Insulin invented by Sir Frederick Grant Banting 4 Mar 1921—2 Aug 1921: Warren G. Harding is inaugurated as the 29th president. President Harding dies suddenly (Aug. 2). Warren Harding dies of an embolism in San Francisco. He had taken ill on 31 Jul 1921 He is succeeded by his vice president, Calvin Coolidge. 3 Aug 1921—1929: Calvin Coolidge president of the USA 1921-1929. Calvin Coolidge, vice president under Warren Harding, sworn in as president the day after Harding dies
247	1922	1922 : The first 3-D movie (spectacles with one red and one green lens) is released 1922 : Joseph Stalin elected General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party 1922 : Excavation begins on the tomb of ancient Egyptian King Tutankhamen near Luxor, Egypt
248	1923	1923 : Garrett A. Morgan invents a traffic signal 1923 : John Harwood invented the self-winding watch 1923 : Clarence Birdseye invents frozen food 1923 : Major earthquake destroys Tokyo and Yokohama, Japan, killing 143,000
249	1923	1923: The television or iconoscope (cathode-ray tube) invented by Vladimir Kosma Zworykin Oct 1923: Teapot Dome scandal breaks, as Senate launches an investigation into improper leasing of naval oil reserves during Harding administration (Oct.)
250	1924	1924 : The dynamic loudspeaker invented by Rice and Kellogg 1924 : Notebooks with spiral bindings invented 1924 : First winter Olympics opens in Chamonix, France
251	1925	1925 : George Washington Carver receives patents for manufacture of paints and stains from clays and minerals 1925 : Paris Exposition opens, providing a venue for and giving name to "art deco"
252	1925	1925: Tennessee passes a law against the teaching of evolution in public schools (March 23), setting the stage for the Scopes Monkey Trial (July 10â€“25). 4 Mar 1925—1929: Coolidge's second inauguration
253	1926	1926 : Robert H. Goddard invents liquid-fueled rockets
254	1927	1927 : JWA Morrison invents the first quartz crystal watch 1927 : Technicolor invented 1927 : Erik Rotheim patents an aerosol can 1927 : Warren Marrison developed the first quartz clock 1927 : Philip Drinker invents the iron lung 1927 : Charles Lindbergh arrives in Paris and is greeted by ecstatic crowds after a 33 hour non-stop flight from New York City
255	1927	1927: Philo Taylor Farnsworth invents a complete electronic TV system.
256	1928	1928 : Scottish biologist Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin 1928 : Bubble gum invented by Walter E. Diemer 1928 : Jacob Schick patented the electric shaver 1928 : Chinese Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek captures Peking, effectively ending centuries of control of Northern China by feudal warlords
257	1929	1929 : American, Paul Galvin invents the car radio 1929 : Yo-Yo re-invented as an American fad 29 Oct 1929 : "Black Tuesday," the American stock market crashes plunging the country into the Great Depression
258	1929	4 Mar 1929—1933: Herbert Hoover president of the USA 1929-1933
259	1930	1930 : Scotch tape patented by 3M engineer Richard G. Drew 1930 : The "differential analyzer", or analog computer invented by Vannevar Bush at MIT in Boston 1930 : Frank Whittle and Dr Hans von Ohain both invent a jet engine 1930 : German National Elections, Adolf Hitler's National Socialist Party wins 95 seats in the Reichstag
260	1931	1931 : Harold Edgerton invented stop-action photography 1931 : Germans Max Knott and Ernst Ruska co-invent the electron microscope
261	1931	3 Mar 1931: The Star-Spangled Banner is adopted as the national anthem of the United States
262	1932	1932 : Polaroid photography invented by Edwin Herbert Land
263	1932	1932: Hattie Wyatt Caraway of Arkansas is the first woman elected to the U.S. Senate, to fill a vacancy caused by the death of her husband (Jan. 12). She is reelected in 1932 and 1938 21 May 1932: . Amelia Earhart completes first solo nonstop transatlantic flight by a woman (May 21)
264	1933	1933 : Frequency modulation (FM radio) invented by Edwin Howard Armstrong 1933 : Stereo records invented 4 Mar 1933 —1945: Franklin Roosevelt president of the USA 1933-1945
265	1933	1933: Twentieth Amendment to the Constitution, sometimes called the â€œLame Duck Amendment,â€ is ratified, moving the president's inauguration date from March 4 to Jan. 20 9 Mar 1933: New Deal recovery measures are enacted by Congress (March 9â€“June 16) 5 Dec 1933: Twenty-First Amendment to the Constitution is ratified, repealing Prohibition (Dec. 5).
266	1934	1934 : Charles Darrow claims he invented the game Monopoly 1934 : Joseph Begun invents the first tape recorder for broadcasting - first magnetic recording 1934 : Adolf Hitler becomes President of Germany
267	1935	1935: Works Progress Administration is established (April 8 1935: Social Security Act is passed (Aug. 14) 1935: Bureau of Investigation (established 1908) becomes the Federal Bureau of Investigation under J. Edgar Hoover 1935: Persia official changes it's name to Iran
268	1935	1935 : Wallace Carothers and DuPont Labs invents nylon (polymer 6.6.) 1935 : The first canned beer made
269	1936	1936 : Bell Labs invents the voice recognition machine 1936 : Samuel Colt patents the Colt revolver 1936 : Jessie Owens wins four gold medals in the Olympic Games in Berlin
270	1937	1937 : Chester F. Carlson invents the photocopier
271	1937	20 Jan 1937—1941: F. Roosevelt's second inauguration
272	1938	1938: The ballpoint pen invented by Ladislo Biro 1938: Fair Labor Standards Act is passed, setting the first minimum wage in the U.S. at 25 cents per hour (June 25).
273	1938	1938 : Roy J. Plunkett invented tetrafluoroethylene polymers or Teflon 1938 : Nescafe or freeze-dried coffee invented 1938 : The Volkswagen (People's Car) factory dedicated in Wolfsburgh, Germany; this low cost, beetle designed by Ferdinand Porsche on commission from Adolf Hitler 1938 : German physicists, led by Otto Hahn, produce the first nuclear fission of uranium
274	1939	1939 : Igor Sikorsky invents the first successful helicopter 5 Sep 1939 —1945: World War II begins. Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan vs. Major Allied Powers: United States, Great Britain, France, and Russia. 1939-1945
275	1940	1940 : Peter Goldmark invents modern color television system 1940 : Karl Pabst invents the jeep
276	1941	1941 : Konrad Zuse's Z3, the first computer controlled by software
277	1941	20 Jan 1941: F. Roosevelt's third inauguration, He is the first and only president elected to a third term 7 Dec 1941: Japan attacks Hawaii, Guam, and the Philippines
278	1942	1942 : John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry built the first electronic digital computer
279	1942	Oct 1942: Germany and Italy declare war on the United States; U.S. reciprocates by declaring war on both countries (Dec. 11). Allies invade North Africa (Oct.â€“Dec. 1942) and Italy (Sept.â€“Dec. 1943). Allies invade France on D-Day (June 6, 1944).
280	1943	1943 : Richard James invents the slinky 1943 : James Wright invent silly putty 1943 : Swiss chemist, Albert Hofmann discovered the hallucinogenic properties of LSD 1943 : Emile Gagnan and Jacques Cousteau invent the aqualung
281	1944	1944 : The kidney dialysis machine invented by Willem Kolff 1944 : Synthetic cortisone invented by Percy Lavon Julian
282	1945	20 Jan 1945—1951: F. Roosevelt's fourth inauguration 12 Apr 1945: President Roosevelt dies of a stroke (April 12) and is succeeded by his vice president, Harry Truman. 12 Apr 1945—1953: Harry Truman inaugurated 7 May 1945: Germany surrenders unconditionally (May 7) 16 Jul 1945: First atomic bomb is detonated at Alamogordo, N.M. 6 Aug 1945: U.S. drops atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan (Aug. 6) 9 Aug 1945: U.S. drops atomic bomb on Nagasaki, Japan (Aug. 9) 14 Aug 1945: Japan agrees to unconditional surrender (Aug. 14) 24 Oct 1945: United Nations is established (Oct. 24).
283	1946	1946 : The microwave oven invented by Percy Spencer
284	1946	4 Jul 1946: The Philippines, which had been ceded to the U.S. by Spain at the end of the Spanish-American War, becomes an independent republic (July 4).
285	1947	1947: British/Hungarian scientist, Dennis Gabor, developed the theory of holography 1947: Central Intelligence Agency is established. 1947: Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley invent the transistor 18 Jul 1947: Presidential Succession Act is signed into law by President Truman (July 18).
286	1947	1947 : Mobile phones first invented 1947 : Earl Silas Tupper patented the Tupperware seal
287	1948	1948 : The FrisbeeÂ® invented by Walter Frederick Morrison and Warren Franscioni 1948 : Velcro Â® invented by George de Mestral 1948 : Robert Hope-Jones invented the Wurlitzer jukebox
288	1948	2 Apr 1948: Congress passes foreign aid bill including the Marshall Plan, which provides for European postwar recovery (April 2). 24 Jun 1948: Soviets begin blockade of Berlin in the first major crisis of the cold war (June 24). 26 Jun 1948: In response, U.S. and Great Britain begin airlift of food and fuel to West Berlin (June 26).
289	1949	1949 : Cake mix invented
290	1949	20 Jan 1949: Truman's second inauguration (Jan. 20). 4 Apr 1949: North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is established (April 4). 12 May 1949: Soviets end blockade of Berlin (May 12), but airlift continues until Sept. 30.
291	1950	1950 —1953: Korean War: United States (as part of the United Nations) and South Korea vs. North Korea and Communist China 1950-1953 1950 : The first credit card (Diners) invented by Ralph Schneider
292	1950	May 1950: Vietnam War: Prolonged conflict between Communist forces of North Vietnam, backed by China and the USSR, and non-Communist forces of South Vietnam, backed by the United States. President Truman authorizes $15 million in economic and military aid to the French, who are fighting to retain control of French Indochina, including Vietnam. As part of the aid package, Truman also sends 35 military advisers
293	1951	1951 : Super glue invented 1951 : Power steering invented by Francis W. Davis 1951 : Charles Ginsburg invented the first videotape recorder (VTR)
294	1951	27 Feb 1951: Twenty-Second Amendment to the Constitution is ratified, limiting the president to two terms 11 Apr 1951: President Truman removes Gen. Douglas MacArthur as head of U.S. Far East Command (April 11, 1951) 4 Sep 1951: President Truman speaks in first coast-to-coast live television broadcast
295	1952	1952 : Mr. Potato Head patented 1952 : The first patent for bar code (US Patent #2,612,994) issued to inventors Joseph Woodland and Bernard Silver
296	1952	25 Jul 1952: Puerto Rico becomes a U.S. commonwealth 1 Nov 1952: Edward Teller and team build the hydrogen bomb First hydrogen bomb is detonated by the U.S. on Eniwetok, an atoll in the Marshall Islands (Nov. 1).
297	1953	1953 : Radial tires invented 1953 : The first musical synthesizer invented by RCA 1953 : Transistor radio invented by Texas Instruments
298	1953	20 Jan 1953—1961: Dwight Eisenhower is inaugurated as the 34th president 19 Jun 1953: Julius and Ethel Rosenberg are executed for passing secret information about U.S. atomic weaponry to the Soviets
299	1954	1954 : Oral contraceptives invented 1954 : The first nonstick pan produced 1954 : The solar cell invented by Chaplin, Fuller and Pearson 1954 : Ray Kroc started McDonalds
300	1954	1954: Sen. Joseph R. McCarthy accuses army officials, members of the media, and other public figures of being Communists during highly publicized hearings (April 22â€“June 17) 1954: Board of Education of Topeka, Kans.: Landmark Supreme Court decision declares that racial segregation in schools is unconstitutional (May 17).
301	1955	1955 : Optic fiber invented
302	1956	1956 : The first computer hard disk used 1956 : The hovercraft invented by Christopher Cockerell 1956 : Bette Nesmith Graham invented "Mistake Out", later renamed Liquid Paper, to paint over mistakes made with a typewriter
303	1957	1957 : Fortran (computer language) invented
304	1957	21 Jan 1957—1961: Eisenhower's second inauguration 24 Sep 1957: President sends federal troops to Central High School in Little Rock, Ark., to enforce integration of black students
305	1958	1958 : The modem invented 1958 : Gordon Gould invents the laser 1958 : The Hula Hoop invented by Richard Knerr and Arthur "Spud" Melin 1958 : The integrated circuit invented by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce
306	1958	31 Jan 1958: Explorer I, first American satellite, is launched
307	1959	1959 : The internal pacemaker invented by Wilson Greatbatch 1959 : Barbie Doll invented 1959 : Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce both invent the microchip
308	1959	3 Jan 1959: Alaska becomes the 49th state (Jan. 3) and Hawaii becomes the 50th (Aug. 21).
309	1960	1960 —1975: USA Vietnam War Begins
310	1964	2 Aug 1964: North Vietnamese torpedo boats allegedly attack U.S. destroyer in Gulf of Tonkin off the coast of North Vietnam 7 Aug 1964: Congress approves Gulf of Tonkin resolution, authorizing President Johnson to take any measures necessary to defend U.S. forces and prevent further aggression (Aug. 7)
311	1965	8 Mar 1965: First U.S. combat troops arrive in South Vietnam (March 8â€“9)
312	1968	Jan 1968: North Vietnamese army and Viet Cong launch Tet Offensive, attacking Saigon and other key cities in South Vietnam (Jan.â€“Feb. 1968). 16 Mar 1968: American soldiers kill 300 Vietnamese villagers in My Lai massacre (March 16)